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Objective: This cross-sectional investigation aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and related risk factors of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain in mainland China. Methods: Data of patients with SARS-CoV-2 from December 28, 2022, to February 21, 2023, were collected through online and offline questionnaires from 45 tertiary hospitals and one center for disease control and prevention in mainland China. The questionnaire included demographic information, previous health history, smoking and alcohol drinking, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, olfactory and gustatory function before and after infection, other symptoms after infection, as well as the duration and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The self-reported olfactory and gustatory functions of patients were evaluated using the Olfactory VAS scale and Gustatory VAS scale. Results: A total of 35 566 valid questionnaires were obtained, revealing a high incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (67.75%). Females(χ2=367.013, P<0.001) and young people(χ2=120.210, P<0.001) were more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Gender(OR=1.564, 95%CI: 1.487-1.645), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), oral health status (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.839-0.926), smoking history (OR=1.152, 95%CI=1.080-1.229), and drinking history (OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.928) were correlated with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2(above P<0.001). 44.62% (4 391/9 840) of the patients who had not recovered their sense of smell and taste also suffered from nasal congestion, runny nose, and 32.62% (3 210/9 840) suffered from dry mouth and sore throat. The improvement of olfactory and taste functions was correlated with the persistence of accompanying symptoms(χ2=10.873, P=0.001). The average score of olfactory and taste VAS scale was 8.41 and 8.51 respectively before SARS-CoV-2 infection, but decreased to3.69 and 4.29 respectively after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and recovered to 5.83and 6.55 respectively at the time of the survey. The median duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions was 15 days and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% (121/24 096) of patients experiencing these dysfunctions for more than 28 days. The overall self-reported improvement rate of smell and taste dysfunctions was 59.16% (14 256/24 096). Gender(OR=0.893, 95%CI: 0.839-0.951), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), history of head and facial trauma(OR=1.180, 95%CI: 1.036-1.344, P=0.013), nose (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.171, P=0.001) and oral (OR=1.162, 95%CI: 1.096-1.233) health status, smoking history(OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.709-0.825), and the persistence of accompanying symptoms (OR=0.359, 95%CI: 0.332-0.388) were correlated with the recovery of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2 (above P<0.001 except for the indicated values). Conclusion: The incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain is high in mainland China, with females and young people more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Active and effective intervention measures may be required for cases that persist for a long time. The recovery of olfactory and taste functions is influenced by several factors, including gender, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, history of head and facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking history, and persistence of accompanying symptoms.
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Female , Humans , Adolescent , SARS-CoV-2 , Smell , COVID-19/complications , Cross-Sectional Studies , COVID-19 Vaccines , Incidence , Olfaction Disorders/etiology , Taste Disorders/etiology , PrognosisABSTRACT
Objective:To systematically review the relevant researches on aspiration screening tools for stroke patients. Methods:Literatures aboute stroke aspiration screening tools till December, 2018 were recalled from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMbase, CNKI, Wanfang Database and China Biomedical Literature Database. Two researchers independently screened the literatures and extracted the basic information, such as the content, screening format, scoring standard and measurement characteristics. Results:A total of 25 studies were included, involving ten aspiration screening tools. The content, screening format, scoring standard and measurement characteristics of the aspiration screening tools were analysed. There was no evidence to support the tools. Conclusion:Tools would be selected according to the patient's condition, age and swallowing related characteristics.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common traumatic disease. Patients with limited mobility are prone to pressure injuries, which seriously affect the patient's rehabilitation process. The use of risk assessment scale can effectively predict the occurrence of pressure injuries. This article reviewed the pathogenesis, risk factors, and use of different risk assessment tools for patients with spinal cord injury, compared the content, assessment methods, applicable population, reliability and validity of each risk assessment scale, summarized the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment scales, and provided reference to choose the best risk assessment tool.
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Objective:To construct a systematic identification system of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma, and to evaluate the comprehensive quality of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma from 16 regions in China, so as to lay a foundation for its origin selection and clinical medication safety. Method:The authenticity of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma was quickly identified by traditional identification method and DNA barcode molecular identification technology, and HPLC-UV was used to determine the contents of 5 active ingredients in Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma. All high pressure chromatographic separations were performed with a Welch Ultimate XB-C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.01% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution (30∶70) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm and the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. Result:The authenticity of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma could be precisely and rapidly identified by ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence and traditional identification methods. BLAST comparative analysis found that medicinal materials from 16 areas were all Anemone flaccida. Based on the contents of multi-index components, it was shown that the total content of 5 triterpenoid saponins in Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma from Banqiao, Enshi, Hubei was the highest (10.59%), followed by Hezhang, Bijie, Guizhou (6.28%) and Duzhenwan, Changyang, Hubei (5.64%). Conclusion:DNA barcoding can be used as an effective supplement to the traditional identification technology, it can ensure the authenticity of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma and the safety of clinical use. The comprehensive evaluation of multi-index components of HPLC and cluster analysis show that the quality of medicinal materials in Enshi, Changyang, Wufeng of Hubei, Bijie of Guizhou and Jinfoshan of Chongqing is superior, which can be considered as important origin of Anemonis Flaccidae Rhizoma.
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Ye Tianshi and Xue Shengbai are two febrile disease specialists in same time, and for the treatment of dampness and heat, they have different medication ideas. With the help of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), author has studied two specialists' consilias of dampness and heat, through the statistics and analysis of their medicine during the treatment of dampness and heat, summarizes the similarities and differences of Ye and Xue's medicine application's assoations and models. Ye Tianshi and Xue Shengbai were both thought that the reason of dampness and heat was damp heat pathogenic factors, for this reason, the spleen and stomach conduction disordered, They both treated from the middle-jiao of Yangming and Taiyin, focused on warm-natured medicine, cold-natured medicine, used less cool-natured and heat-natured medicine, and more bitter, pungent, sweet medicine; Ye Tianshi usually use Scutellariae Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Coptidis Rhizoma, Polyporus, Poria, Alismatis Rhizoma; Xue Shengbai commonly use Poria, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Magnoliae officinalis Cortex, Patchouli, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Lablab Semen Album, Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Mume Fructus, Tsaoko Fructus, Amomi Fructus, Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. The differences between the two masters in medicine application provide a reference for the clinical treatment of dampness and heat.
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Purpose To study the expression of eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 and its clinical significance in the gastric carcinoma.Methods Expression of eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 was detected in tissue array including 168 cases of gastric carcinoma and 52 cases of peri-cancer tissues by immunohistochemical SP method.Results The positive expression of eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 in the gastric carcinoma was significantly higher than that of peri-cancer tissues (P =0.001,P =0.000).There was significantly higher expression of eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 with lymph node metastases than without lymph node metastases in the gastric carcinoma (P =0.025,P =0.001).Also,there was significantly higher expression of eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 with clinical stages Ⅲ + Ⅳ than that of stages Ⅰ + Ⅱ (P =0.001,P=0.049).In addition,there was a significantly positive correlation between the expression of eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 in the gastric carcinoma (r =0.432,P ＜ 0.01).The overall survival rates for patients with negative expression of eIF-4E protein was higher than that with positive expression (P =0.012).Conclusion The abnormal co-expression of eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 may be related to the tumorgenesis,development,metastasis and invasion of gastric carcinoma,and eIF-4E and p-4EBP-1 may act as the new molecular targets for the therapy and diagnosis of gastric carcinoma.
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Ye Tianshi and Xue Shengbai were both epidemic febrile diseases specialists in same time of Qing dynasty. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System was used to compare and analyze the therapeutic characteristics of these two specialists in treating damp-heat type fullness or distension in stomach. Distension is commonly caused by qi stagnation accompanied with damp-heat from internal and external factors. In treatment, separation of damp and heat and removing dampness and heat from sanjiao separately were their common therapeutic principles. Both Ye Tianshi and Xue Shengbai paid much greater attention to eliminating dampness, and the herbs with bitter and pungent flavor, warm in property were usually chosen to regulate qi flow and reduce dampness. Invigorating spleen, nourishing stomach and dispersing lung were the frequently used treatment to balance the organs'harmony. The difference between specialist Ye and specialist Xue was the preference of herbs. Hou Pu (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex), Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), and Hua Shi (Talcum) were often used in both administrations. Besides, Ye Tianshi preferred to use Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Fuling, et al. Xue Shengbai on the other hand enjoyed using Fu Lingpi(Poriae Cutis), Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus), and Guang Huoxiang (Pogostemonis Herba), et al. In herbs compatibility, both of the two specialists were fond of using Chen Pi-Hou Pu, Hou Pu-Xing Ren. Moreover, Ye Tianshi often used Ban Xia- Xing Ren, Ban Xia-Huang Qin, and Hua Shi-Xing Ren to achieve the expected outcome of the treatment. While, Chen Pi, Fu Lingpi, and Hou Pu were the common combination with each other in Xue's cases. The similarities and differences of their administration should have the guidance in current clinical Chinese medicine practice for damp-heat type fullness or distension in stomach.
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Glutathione S-transferase (GSTπ), one of the phase Ⅱ detoxification enzymes, is usually over-expressed in many human tumors. It displays a key role in protecting cells through catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a broad range of electrophilic substrates including chemotherapeutic agents. As the above conjugates can be effluxed from cells easily, the efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents is reduced. Recent studies suggest that GSTπ also plays an important role in inhibiting apoptosis through blocking the JNK signaling pathway. In this way, GSTπ protects cells from apoptosis. Therefore, GSTπ has become an attractive target against cancers, especially for drug-resistant tumors. A great deal of effort has been devoted to the discovery of GSTπ inhibitors and prodrugs over the last decade. In connection with authors' current research, we provide a review on studies on progress of GSTπ inhibitors and prodrugs along with the future strategies.
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AlM: To monitor long - term changes of matrix metalloproteinase-2 ( MMP-2 ) in human tears fluid after laser in situ keratomileusis ( LASlK) . METHODS: Thirty - two myopia cases ( 64 eyes ) underwent uneventful LASlK were enrolled in the study. Tear fluid were collected and MMP-2 expression was analyzed by Western - bolt assay preoperatively and postoperatively on 15d, at 1, 3mo, and 1a. RESULTS:LASlK increased the concentration of MMP-2 in human tear fluid. At 15d postoperatively, the magnitude of MMP-2 was 1. 4 times that of preoperative, thereafter subsided, but didn't return to preoperative level by 3mo ( P 0. 05). CONCLUSlON: MMP- 2 is significantly expressed in human tear fluid after LASlK, then subsided with time, but didn't return to preoperative level by 3mo and almost recovered up to 1a, indicating wound healing of LASlK would continue up at least 3mo after surgery and almost recovered 1a postoperatively.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate surgical methods and therapeutic effects of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath in finger.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From July 2002 to December 2010,70 patients with giant cell tumor of tendon sheath in finger which confirmed by operation and pathology,were retrospectively analyzed. There were 29 males,41 females with an average of 42 years (ranged, 16 to 61), and the course of disease ranged form 4 months to 6 years (mean 11 months). The method of surgery and anesthesia were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All wounds were got stage I healing,no necrosis occurred. Vascular crisis occurred in 6 cases (8.6%), inconformity of diagnosis in 18 cases (25.7%), changing of anesthesia due to situation of tumor in operation in 17 cases (24.3%). The patients were followed up from 2.2 to 10.5 years. Among them, 8 cases (11.4%) recurred, and diagnosied by the second operation without malignant change.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The best anesthesia for giant cell tumor in finger should choose brachial plexus to fully expose,complete resection and less harmful damage; while the operation should complete resection at the stage I, and followed up actively, the second operation can be carried out for recorrenced.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Fingers , General Surgery , Giant Cell Tumors , Diagnosis , Pathology , General Surgery , Tendons , Pathology , General SurgeryABSTRACT
The study is designed to synthesize nano-carrier Tyr-RGD (cyclo-[Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Tyr-Lys]) and poly(ethylene glycol) modified polyethylenimine (Tyr-RGD-PEG-PEI) targeting vascular endothelial cells, then analyze its nanoparticle properties and the characteristics of drug carrying and targeting properties in vivo / in vitro tumor. The nano-carrier Tyr-RGD-PEG-PEI was synthesized with the method of chemical synthesis and the properties of this nanoparticle and drug carrying characteristics were identified. Its effect of targeting vascular endothelial cells in vitro was studied with the method of competitive binding assay. The fluorescent labeled nano-drug was injected into tumor-bearing nude mice to observe its tumor-targeting. The mean size of nano-carrier Tyr-RGD-PEG-PE was about 145 nm, good in encapsulation efficiency of siRNA. After incubation in plasma for half an hour, only about 3 percent of siRNA out. It was confirmed that it was a single spot with TLC analysis, the R(f) value was 0.65. Receptor competition experiments showed that the nano could effectively compete with RGD in binding the receptors on endothelial cells. Tumor-bearing nude mice experiments showed that when containing a fluorescent-labeled siRNA of Tyr-RGD-PEG-PEI nano-drug was injected into mice, after 24 hours this nano-drug mainly distributed within the tumor tissue. However, nano-drug without Tyr-RGD appeared in tumor tissue as well as other organs such as livers, lungs, etc. The Tyr-RGD-targeted gene vector Tyr-RGD-PEG-PEI synthesized in this study has good nanoparticle properties and high efficiency of gene-drug encapsulation. Study of nude mice shows that the ability of its tumor-targeting is significantly better than nano-drug without Tyr-RGD.
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Endothelial Cells , Metabolism , Gene Transfer Techniques , Genetic Vectors , Integrins , Mice, Nude , Nanoparticles , Oligopeptides , Pharmacology , RNA, Small InterferingABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) on the function of the vital organs in rats with pancreatitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Acute pancreatitis (AP) was induced in 30 male SD rats by ductal injection of 4% sodium taurocholate at 1.0 ml/kg. The rats received subsequent intravenously injection of 0.3 mg/kg of PPARgamma ligand (rosiglitazone, n=10), PPARgamma antagonist (GW9662, n=10) followed 10 min later by rosiglitazone administration at 0.3 mg/kg, or left untreated (AP model group, n=10). Another 10 male SD rats receiving no particular treatment served as the control group. The rats were sacrificed 6 h after the operation, and blood samples were collected for measurement of the biochemical indices of the vital organs. The histological changes of the pancreas and portal vein blood endotoxin content were examined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rats in AP group and GW9662 group showed significantly higher level of the biochemical indices for the vital organs, pathological scores of the pancreas and portal vein blood endotoxin content were significantly higher in the control group and roglitazone-treated groups (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PPARgamma ligand roglitazone can significantly ameliorate multiple organ injuries and effectively protect the functions of the organs in rats with experimental pancreatitis.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Anilides , Pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents , Therapeutic Uses , Injections, Intravenous , Multiple Organ Failure , NF-kappa B , Metabolism , PPAR gamma , Metabolism , Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing , Drug Therapy , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Thiazolidinediones , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
Professor YANG Yun-kuan summarizes rich experiences on treatment of dermopathy with acupuncture and moxibustion in clinical and teaching practice of over 30 years. Here his unique therapy of cotton-sheet moxibustion is introduced. Different dermal diseases are treated with combination of cotton-sheet moxibustion with body acupuncture or skin needle, achieving good clinical effects. Cotton-sheet moxibustion has the characteristics of common materials and convenient manipulation. This is a safe, economic therapy with obvious therapeutic effect and it provides an effective way for treatment of dermopathy.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Dermatitis , Therapeutics , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Moxibustion , History , MethodsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect and the mechanism of moxibustion for treatment of diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diabetes mellitus (DM) rat model was induced by streptozotozin (STZ) and then penis erectile experiment of apomorphine (APO) was used to select diabetic ED rats model, which were divided into 2 groups: a model group and a moxibustion group, with another normal control group set up. The moxibustion group were treated with moxibustion at "Shenshu" (BL 23) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) with small moxa cone about the size of a wheat grain. The effects on penis erectile, blood sugar and total NOS, cNOS, iNOS, and cGMP were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Moxibustion had a certain improving action on blood sugar, improved significantly erectile function, and more significantly increased NOS, cNOS, iNOS activities and cGMP contents in the penis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Moxibustion has a certain action on the erectile function in the diabetic ED rats, which is related with improvement of blood sugar and promoting NO-cGMP pathway.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Blood Glucose , Cyclic GMP , Physiology , Diabetes Complications , Therapeutics , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Erectile Dysfunction , Therapeutics , Moxibustion , Methods , Nitric Oxide , Physiology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of silybin-phosphatidylcholine compound (SPC) on H2O2-induced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse macrophage.Methods Macrophage were collected in abdominal cavity of 6-8 week Kunming mouse,and cultured macrophage(2?108 L-1) were divided into control and SPC group randomly.Macrophage in control group were added into the same volume(0.1 mL) of 9 g/L sodium chloride.Macrophage in H2O2 group were added into a single bolus of H2O2 (1 mmol/L H2O2) for 30 min,while macrophage in SPC group were preincubated with different concentration of SPC for 2 h followed by a 30 min incubation with 1 mmol/L H2O2.Immunocytochemistry were used to measure the contents of inducible nitric-oxide synthase(iNOS),NO production was determined by Griess reactive, ROS was determined by DCFH-DA Fluorescence probe.Results The production of NO in H2O2 group markedly higher than that in control group(P
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Objective: To study the factors relating the prognosis of ovarian granulosa cell tumor and the characteristics of its clinical presentations. Methods: The clinical records and pathological sections of 24 cases with granulosa cell tumor of ovary were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical characteristics, the clinical stage, and the therapeutic programs and the results were summarized respectively. Results:The 5-years survival rate showed that the clinical stage influenced the prognosis of ovarian granulosa cell tumor obviously. Conclusion: The early dection is the major factor which influences the patients' survival rate.
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Objective: To investigate the efficacy of gemcitabine in chemotherapy of cervical carcinoma. Methods:10 untreated cervical carcinoma patients had been divided into two groups,5 cases were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy,others were treated only with radiotherapy. All patients were operated and compared the pathologic changes of cancers. Moreover 3 cases with recurrent tumors had been treated with gemcitabine and other agents . Results: The rate of complete response(CR) was 60% in group of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 20% in patients with only radiotherapy. Only one case achieved partial response (PR) in patients with recurrence. Conclusion: The neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cervical carcinoma with gemcitabine is helpful for achieving good response .As radiation sensitizer or radio-potentiator,gemcitabine can promote efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cervical carcinoma.
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Objective: To study the effect of intracellular-free calcium and the expression of Fas and Fas L on the process of pancreatic carcinoma cell apoptosis. Methods: Apoptosis induced by 2 μmol/L arsenic trioxide in pancreatic cancer cell lines SW-1990 was investigated.Concentration of intracellular-free calcium （［Ca2+］i） was determined by Fura-2a fluorescein load technique. Fas and FasL were determined by flow cytometry. Results: Pancreatic cancer cells treated with 2 μmol/L arsenic trioxide presented apoptotic features: intact cell membrane, chromatin condensation, nucleic fragmentation and apoptotic body formation; agarose electrophoresis showed marked ladder; flow cytometery analysis showed a sub-G1 cell peak. In the process of pancreatic carcinoma cell apoptosis Fas and FasL and the ［Ca2+］i were significantly higher than that in the control. Conclusion: The pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide is related to Fas and FasL expression by the cancer cells and the ［Ca2+］i increase in the cancer cells.
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Objective: To select the telomerase positive cancer cell lines of gastrointestinal tract and to provide a convinced methodology for future telomerase study. Methods: Fifteen cancer cell lines (carcinoma of stomach 4, of liver 6, of pancreas 2, of colon 3) were cultured and telomerase activity were detected by TRAP-ELISA. The normal hepatic cells were taken as control. Results: Thirteen cell lines were telomerase positive in the 15 lines(86.7%). Conclusion: Most of gastrointestinal tract cancer lines express telomerase, indicating the detection of telomerase activity has clinical potential.
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Objective: To study the effect of intracellular-free calcium and the expression of Fas and Fas L on the process of pancreatic carcinoma cell apoptosis. Methods: Apoptosis induced by 2 μmol/L arsenic trioxide in pancreatic cancer cell lines SW-1990 was investigated.Concentration of intracellular-free calcium （［Ca2+］i） was determined by Fura-2a fluorescein load technique. Fas and FasL were determined by flow cytometry. Results: Pancreatic cancer cells treated with 2 μmol/L arsenic trioxide presented apoptotic features: intact cell membrane, chromatin condensation, nucleic fragmentation and apoptotic body formation; agarose electrophoresis showed marked ladder; flow cytometery analysis showed a sub-G1 cell peak. In the process of pancreatic carcinoma cell apoptosis Fas and FasL and the ［Ca2+］i were significantly higher than that in the control. Conclusion: The pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide is related to Fas and FasL expression by the cancer cells and the ［Ca2+］i increase in the cancer cells.